Qu’est-ce qu’une maison écologique ?

Hiitco

Elle fait beaucoup parler d’elle par nécessité parfois, mais souvent par choix. La maison écologique tend à se développer toujours davantage et attire de plus en plus des personnes désireuses de réduire leur impact. De par sa nature, elle respecte l’environnement et fait la part belle aux matériaux naturels. Mais au-delà de cela, sa construction est également gage d’économies d’énergie bienvenues.

Une maison écologique, c’est quoi ?

Elle se distingue par différents aspects que l’on retrouve dans la plupart des nouvelles constructions de ce type :

  • Le recours aux sources d’énergie propres, et notamment à l’énergie solaire.
  • L’accent mis sur la santé des occupants de la maison.
  • Une composition à partir de matériaux naturels, voire locaux, à l’image de la pierre, du bois, de la terre ou encore de la paille. Idéalement, l’usage de ces matériaux doit se retrouver à toutes les étapes de la construction.
  • Une intégration à l’environnement local : prise en compte de la topographie, de l’ensoleillement, des vents, etc.

On parle également de maisons à énergie positive pour les habitations qui fabriquent davantage d’énergie qu’elles n’en consomment ; et de maisons passives, pour les habitations qui consomment moins de 50 kWh/m2 et par an.

Performances énergétiques

Parmi les principaux atouts de cette maison à énergies positives se trouve la possibilité de réaliser de substantielles économies d’énergie : chauffage, électricité, climatisation… Et afin d’y parvenir, les plans de ce type de maison, son orientation ainsi que ses matériaux sont étudiés dans le détail en fonction du climat ou encore du type de terrain.

Et qui dit maison écologique dit bien entendu recours aux énergies renouvelables, à l’image de l’installation de panneaux photovoltaïques ainsi que de systèmes de récupération de l’eau de pluie.

maison-écologique

Santé : à la recherche d’un équilibre

Lors de la construction d’une maison écologique, l’accent est également mis sur la santé de ses futurs occupants. Ainsi, sont préférés les matériaux non toxiques et la qualité de l’air fait partie des priorités.

Les matériaux tels que le bois et la pierre sont souvent privilégiés, mais d’autres équipements sont aussi sélectionnés avec soin, à l’image de la peinture écologique et de systèmes de ventilation performants.

Respect de l’environnement

Bien entendu, cela a aussi pour but de respecter l’environnement. C’est pour cela qu’elle est conçue pour avoir un impact négatif, et ce, au moment de la construction comme au fil des années.

Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire d’étudier soigneusement l’implantation de la future habitation selon les principes bioclimatiques, mais aussi de privilégier l’utilisation de matériaux locaux, afin de prioriser les circuits courts. Également, le chantier doit mettre l’accent sur une réduction maximale des déchets.

Qu’est-ce qu’une maison autonome ?

Différente d’une maison écologique, une maison autonome dispose de ses propres caractéristiques. En effet, cette dernière se doit d’être autosuffisante et de répondre aux besoins énergétiques de ses occupants.

Ainsi, une maison autonome doit être en mesure de fournir de l’électricité, de la chaleur, de l’eau potable ainsi que de l’eau chaude. Ces constructions se retrouvent généralement dans des espaces isolés et demeurent relativement coûteuses.

maison-isolée

Combien coûte une maison écologique ?

On estime en moyenne que la construction d’une maison écologique entraine un surcoût d’environ 10 à 20 % par rapport à une maison plus classique. Néanmoins, il est également important de prendre en compte le fait que le coût de l’usage d’une maison écologique reste moindre. Cela représente donc un investissement rapidement rentabilisé, notamment grâce aux économies d’énergie réalisées jour après jour.

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